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[Music]

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so good evening tonight I'd like to tell

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you about an experiment that I've been

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thinking about for a long time and that

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is how do we measure if a machine is

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conscious and so we came up with this

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experiment and I thought if the results

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are positive great if the results are

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negative all right that's a good PETA

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good point of information but what

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turned out is neither of those and

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neither of those turned out to be a very

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large effect a larger effect and I've

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seen in all of the several dozen

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different sorts of SCI experiments that

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my laboratory is done so I'm not sure

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well you'll see so let's take a look

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first

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what can consciousness do what can only

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consciousness do we need to know that so

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that we can check if a machine can do

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that well the answer is quite easily sy

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ESP and and psychokinesis and so then

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the question is how do you motivate a

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machine in order to produce sy effects

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we can get some ideas about this by

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taking a look at some of the experiments

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that people have done in precognition

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there have been over a hundred studies

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carried out in laboratory precognition

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and they started roughly with Rhines

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experiments where he did card guessing

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and people would try to guess which card

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was going to be pulled up next

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there are lots and lots of experiments

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one really notable one is dean Raiden's

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experiment in which he took a look at

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the effect of a stimulating image

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projected on a computer screen on

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people's autonomic nervous system and

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found that the response started several

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seconds before the image was shown

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another one is ben's set of experiments

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which he carried over carried out over a

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number of years and have recently been

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published in a mainstream journal in

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which he showed psychological

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pre-stimulus responses but the one that

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I like in

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particular just because of its

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simplicity is the one by Spottiswoode in

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May and so in this experiment they took

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a loud horn and blasted it in someone's

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ear at random times and looked for the

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physiological response the physiological

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response started several seconds before

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the horn was blasted so that provides a

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bit of a model for the type of

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experiment that we want to look at then

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let's see if we can look at lower

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life-forms and or maybe that's not a PC

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thing to say all right other life-forms

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other living systems and see what sort

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of experiments have been carried out

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there and there have been quite a few

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Morris nearly five decades ago carried

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out an experiment with goldfish where

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he'd scoop goldfish a goldfish out of

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the it's aquarium and found that just

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before he was going to scoop it it

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became agitated

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there was no visual cues or anything and

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he did control experiments with that and

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showed that a goldfish is have

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precognition very recently Alvarez

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published in the Journal of scientific

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exploration a similar experiment with

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finches where finches were in a cage and

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were being shown on the screen

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an image here of a crawling snake at

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random times and the Finch was being

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videoed at the same time and again in

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this sort of controlled environment

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control experiment alvarez found that

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finches significantly showed agitation

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before images of snakes were going to be

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flashed up and finally a really strange

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little experiment by widly that was

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carried out while bee that was carried

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out about eight or nine years ago was on

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earth worms in which he blasted

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earthworms with some vibrations from a

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speaker coil and found that they showed

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signs of anticipation of the blast

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before it was about to occur

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so this gives us ideas of what we ought

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to do we need to do this sort of an

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experiment but with a machine and this

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is the experiment that that I'm talking

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about so it starts with two random event

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generators one I call the subject the

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controller random event generator and

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the second one is the subject random

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event generator each of them puts out a

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data stream of random bits which are

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collected by the computer then what

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happens is when the writes it a set of

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bits comes from the controller reg into

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the computer at that point the computer

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sends out a signal through a serial port

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to a relay and that relay then shuts off

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the power to the subject reg so in other

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words the controller reg shuts off the

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subject reg at random times and what we

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do is we monitor the output of the

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subject reg to see if there's any change

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in its output before it's about to be

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shut off and so we carried out a series

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of tests and so there were tests which

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typically consisted of several hundred

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runs then we did control experiments and

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the control was exactly the same setup

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except this wire was disconnected so in

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other words the controller reg and the

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computer both thought that they were

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going to shut off the subject reg but it

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never actually got shut off and so that

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was our control and we carried this out

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in in a in a series of runs so let's now

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go through the protocol and it's

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important that I go through this

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procedure with you because later when we

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look at the data we'll want to see

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exactly what it was in the procedure

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that might have caused what we saw so we

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ran a series of test trials we ran a

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series of control trials then we added

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together

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the results of all that series of test

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trials called a run and we synchronized

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them to the shut off time because that

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was the common time between them because

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the runs were of different lengths since

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the shut off was at random time

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we did the same for control times and

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then to analyze it the computer took an

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11 bit wide window and scanned it across

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the time going up to the shut off effect

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and then finally after all of this was

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done it was displayed on the computer

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screen and at that point the operator

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jamesu my student and I took a look at

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the display output and that was the

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first time that we actually saw the

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result so what sort of results did we

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get here we take a look this is a plot

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of the average bit value as a function

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of time before the shut off and we ran

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five hundred and fifty two test trials

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in the same number of control trials the

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bit rate was 40 bits per second you can

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see the blue line which is the control

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was pretty much random the red line was

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random until about one second before the

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shut off event at which point it took a

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nosedive and it was a big nosedive these

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are this is the p equals zero point one

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this is the p equals zero point zero any

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ninety-nine point nine nine percent

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confidence interval so it's a

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significant change so we've got to think

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about this for a minute

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what what what what could be going on

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here so the the z score if you average

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the z score in this period it's three

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point four for the last half a second

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the number of bits that was changed in

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other words we had more zeroes than ones

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at the very end that number of bits was

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very significant about one bit in 40 had

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to be changed which is much more which

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is much larger than you normally see in

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psychokinesis experiments where it's

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typically one bit in 10,000 that's

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changed so we scratched our head and we

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said something's got to be wrong here so

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we we looked at the hardware we looked

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at the software double checked checked

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triple checked each point was associated

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with the time stamp we double checked

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the time stamps that they were accurate

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that there was no leakage there was no

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interference between the systems on and

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on and on then I had another person come

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in analyze the data on a completely

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different system using completely

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different software we got the same

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result

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so we thought okay if this is really

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real can we do it again so two days

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later we ran it again and so the second

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run gave us more or less the same

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results again a nosedive in the last

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second before shut off okay two times

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can you do it three times like three

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Bluecoats same thing third time and a

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day later so then we took the these

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three sets of data compiled them

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together and plotted them and so this is

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the combination so this consists of

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seventeen hundred and thirty test runs

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and control runs and the nosedive here

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is even more apparent and if you want to

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take the z-score of this nosedive it's

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about six and a half in the last half a

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second which are odds against chance of

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well more than a million to one this is

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the entire global consciousness project

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has this z-score so what what what the

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devil is happening here so we thought

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okay maybe maybe we need to try changing

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things so we decided let's do some

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variations and maybe we shouldn't have

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but we did so the first thing that we

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did was we reduced the bit rate so we

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went to ten bits a second instead of 40

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bits a second the effect disappeared

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there's no no significant change in the

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output okay

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so reducing the bits didn't help what

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about increasing the bit rate we

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increased the bit rate to 100 bits per

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second again no output nothing no

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response and no response so we were

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scratching our heads and we said well

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let's at least go back to the initial

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conditions and repeat it so we had

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exactly the same hardware exactly the

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same software exactly the same

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configuration we ran it again

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nothing the effect is gone total zero so

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what what what do we do here what do we

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do so the initial ron's were strong the

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conditions change the effect disappeared

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occasions the effect is gone what do we

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have we have the notorious decline

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effect and so this happens all over the

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place now we've seen it was there some

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sort of a change in the attitude of the

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operator or the experimenter quite

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possibly I mean we were extremely

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enthusiastic to begin with

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that must have waned a little bit I was

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looking for a machine machine

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interaction and we failed consciousness

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has reared its ugly head we now see that

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there can't you Minh consciousness is

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involved somehow or else there's some

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other uncontrolled parameter so this

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reminds me of that wonderful little

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story that Bob John tells when the Dalai

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Lama was visiting the pear program and

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on the way out

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Bob asked the Dalai Lama if a random

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event generator has consciousness the

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Dalai Lama thought for a minute and then

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said if we regard them as conscious and

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they're conscious is that what's

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happening here so one other question is

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whether really we're seeing any sort of

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retroactive effect it appears that the

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nose dive occurs before the subject

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random event generator is shut off but

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maybe there's another explanation and

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that is perhaps the subject perhaps

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there's a superposition of states as

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sort of a shorteners cat sort of

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situation an indeterminate state so even

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though we've taken the data and we've

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put it into the computer files maybe it

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just doesn't become fixed until we

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actually display it and look at it so

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it's a lot like a wavefunction collapse

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I'm not going to say it is a

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wavefunction collapse because we don't

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know if quantum mechanics is operational

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here or is is the dominant effect here

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this checker effect that that I'm

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talking about is something that's been

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observed for about 50 years in science

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Perriman so it's not something new

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so our retroactive effect is either due

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to checking or it's due to the the

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random event generator shutting off

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personally I actually still think it's

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due to the random event

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shutting off and the reason the main

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reason I think that is if you take a

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look at for instance Larry Darcy's book

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on premonitions you'll see that there

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are many many experiments in which

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people have genuine premonitions of

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things that are about to happen and they

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can intervene before it happens so it's

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it's there there is genuine precognition

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so let's conclude what did we see we saw

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large retroactive influence the z-score

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was outrageously large odds against

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chance well over a million to one one

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bit in every 40 in the last second

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changed but when we tried to replicate

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it after 20 days the replication failed

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so is this due to the human

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consciousness interaction I don't know

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now one thing that this leads to is the

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conclusion that any sort of psy

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experiment anything you do if you only

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do it a few times it could very well be

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due to experimenter expectation it may

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not be the variable that you think

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you're studying but it's simply your

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expectation and you've got to be able to

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replicate this day in and day out for a

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long period of time and if you can't

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then I'm not sure what it is you're

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testing other than your own expectation

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so we saw a retroactive influence and

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either it was a retroactive influence to

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the shut off event which would be about

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a one-second retroactive influence or

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would was a retroactive influence to our

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observation of the data several hours

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a few questions

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recently there's a book called the Black

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Swan statistics not the dance movie

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right that raises a lot of questions in

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this kind of realm and it also releases

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you know are we dealing with a normal

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distribution there's things when you

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talk about z-scores there's assumptions

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behind all this do you think some of

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that plays a role here I don't because

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of experience with other experiments you

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know I teach a class on SCI phenomena

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and as part of the class these

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undergraduates need to carry out a major

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research project some of them have been

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published here and as Brenda Dunn will

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tell you as well typically students do

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very well because they're excited and

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they get positive results from the

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beginning these are real results it

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happens over and over and over again but

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then if I had them for a second semester

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I bet you wouldn't get the same sort of

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results there seems to be something that

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happens early in the early stages and

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then it goes away I just have a very

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brief question I'm assuming you did all

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this with AC power plugs yes and I'm

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assuming you're in the electrical

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engineering building which should be

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very filtered and there's no funny

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resonance you've got your filters on

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there and all that good stuff there also

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because you can have a power surge or

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something backwash and how would the

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power surge affect something a second

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before it happened you know in any case

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we also did all sorts of checks we

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electromagnetically radiated the random

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event generators we put them on top of

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each other we put them far apart we

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could not get anything to affect them

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except for this my field is robotics I'm

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a roboticist and I've worked with

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students in robots for 20 years we've

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never seen any evidence of any

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consciousness in a robot and I'm curious

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about what led you to this hypothesis in

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the first place

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noise so we know that there is wisdom in

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randomness

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and on sand somehow we need to be

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playing with the uncertainty with a

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random event generator if we had a

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purely what's the word the opposite of

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random deterministic system we wouldn't

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see this and most electronics which is

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what I work with day in and day out are

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designed to try to avoid any sort of

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random effects and to have deterministic

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effects if you do that chances are

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you're gonna be squelching what you

395
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might see if you allowed the noise to

396
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come through a couple of things occurred

397
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to me one is that there's some other

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variables here that you know about that

399
00:18:09,220 --> 00:18:07,430
weren't really considered maybe the

400
00:18:11,580 --> 00:18:09,230
geomagnetic field changed a little bit

401
00:18:15,940 --> 00:18:11,590
maybe it's different local sidereal time

402
00:18:17,940 --> 00:18:15,950
maybe that or something so there might

403
00:18:23,770 --> 00:18:17,950
be mundane reasons that it changed

404
00:18:25,600 --> 00:18:23,780
secondly like I said once before if

405
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there's some sort of an experiment or

406
00:18:31,570 --> 00:18:27,410
effects it's really not just your

407
00:18:32,830 --> 00:18:31,580
attitude or your beliefs it has to do

408
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with whatever is connected to the

409
00:18:37,810 --> 00:18:35,420
outputs of that experiment and if if you

410
00:18:39,250 --> 00:18:37,820
get great success and you open a bottle

411
00:18:41,440 --> 00:18:39,260
of champagne that's different than if

412
00:18:43,840 --> 00:18:41,450
you don't get any success and you just

413
00:18:44,890 --> 00:18:43,850
go home so it's funny you mentioned

414
00:18:47,200 --> 00:18:44,900
something today

415
00:18:48,790 --> 00:18:47,210
I think you may well be right what one

416
00:18:51,010 --> 00:18:48,800
of the things that happened after we got

417
00:18:58,000 --> 00:18:51,020
that first set of data which gave us the

418
00:19:01,270 --> 00:18:58,010
- 6.5 Z I gave a lecture to the my

419
00:19:03,340 --> 00:19:01,280
college on sigh phenomena so these were

420
00:19:05,800 --> 00:19:03,350
grad students and faculty and I included

421
00:19:07,750 --> 00:19:05,810
that data yes and showed it to them and

422
00:19:10,570 --> 00:19:07,760
there were certainly skeptics there

423
00:19:12,330 --> 00:19:10,580
among along with proponents it was that

424
00:19:14,770 --> 00:19:12,340
the thing that changed it I don't know

425
00:19:16,480 --> 00:19:14,780
it may be whatever you did in the world

426
00:19:21,010 --> 00:19:16,490
it manifests your feelings about it

427
00:19:23,080 --> 00:19:21,020
anyway third quick comment is that you

428
00:19:26,560 --> 00:19:23,090
seem to be thinking about this in a

429
00:19:28,750 --> 00:19:26,570
causal way what caused this cause and

430
00:19:30,070 --> 00:19:28,760
effect and and perhaps cause an effect

431
00:19:30,890 --> 00:19:30,080
in a backwards direction but

432
00:19:33,230 --> 00:19:30,900
nevertheless

433
00:19:34,520 --> 00:19:33,240
unidirectional at one at a time and I

434
00:19:37,550 --> 00:19:34,530
just think a better way to think about

435
00:19:39,050 --> 00:19:37,560
it is relational that is is always a

436
00:19:42,980 --> 00:19:39,060
dance between one and the other

437
00:19:45,860 --> 00:19:42,990
they both effect and in a sense create

438
00:19:47,750 --> 00:19:45,870
each other and so it's better to think

439
00:19:53,690 --> 00:19:47,760
about that in with more symmetry of

440
00:19:55,280 --> 00:19:53,700
accepted alright thank you so much I

441
00:19:56,740 --> 00:19:55,290
guess give our speaker if they can't run